Street chains served a defensive function in Krakow. They were heavy and iron and stretched across the streets leading to the main square. In some streets, they were doubled. The beginning of their existence dates back to the 14th century. Even today, we can see similar chains on Floriańska street,

Key Facts • Born in 1812 in Krakow, Poland • Studied at Jagiellonian University before becoming a prominent architect and builder • Director of construction and pioneer of modern fire prevention methods in building • Brother-in-law to Karol Estreicher, the famous bibliographer • Key contributor to Krakow's reconstruction after the

Kaiser is a round wheat bun, cross-cut on the top. In the past, it was called the Viennese bun, because that’s where it comes from. It was the favourite baking of the Austrian Emperor Francis Joseph, so the Viennese called it Kaiser (this in German means ’emperor’). The bun became